* Hepatitis A or immune globulin (IG).

* Hepatitis B, especially if you might be exposed to blood or body fluids (for example, health-care workers), have sexual contact with the local population, or be exposed through medical treatment.

* Malaria: if you are traveling to a malaria-risk area in this region, see your health care provider for a prescription antimalarial drug.

* Rabies, pre-exposure vaccination, if you might have extensive unprotected outdoor exposure in rural areas, such as might occur during camping, hiking, or bicycling, or engaging in certain occupational activities.

* Typhoid, Typhoid fever can be contracted through contaminated drinking water or food, or by eating food or drinking beverages that have been handled by a person who is infected.

* As needed, booster doses for Tetanus-Diphtheria and Measles.

Malaria:

Malaria is always a serious disease and may be a deadly illness. Humans get Malaria from the bite of a mosquito infected with the parasite. Travelers to malaria-risk areas, including infants, children, and former residents of the Middle East, should take an antimalarial drug. Travelers to some areas of Iran, Iraq, Oman, Saudi Arabia, the Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, and Yemen may be at risk for malaria.

Yellow Fever:

There is no risk for Yellow Fever in the Middle East. A certificate of Yellow Fever vaccination may be required for entry into certain of these countries if you are coming from countries in South America or sub-Saharan Africa.

Food and Waterborne Diseases:

Make sure your food and drinking water are safe. Food and waterborne diseases are the primary cause of illness in travelers. Travelers' Diarrhea can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites, which are found throughout the Middle East and can contaminate food or water. Infections may cause diarrhea and vomiting (E. Coli, Salmonella, Cholera, and Parasites), fever (Typhoid Fever and Toxoplasmosis), or liver damage (Hepatitis).

Other Disease Risks :

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is reported throughout the area; Visceral Leishmaniasis, although rare throughout most of the area, is common in central Iraq, in the southwest of Saudi Arabia, in the northwest of Syria, in Turkey (southeast Anatolia only), and in the west of Yemen. Many cases of leishmaniasis have been reported in the US military in Iraq. A rise in West Nile Fever has been seen recently in Israel. Outbreaks of Dengue occurred in Saudi Arabia and Yemen in 2002.